Can A School Make Money Off A Uniform

Traditionally favored by individual and parochial institutions, school uniforms are being adopted by Usa public schools in increasing numbers. Co-ordinate to a 2020 report, the per centum of public schools that required school uniforms jumped from 12% in the 1999-2000 school yr to 20% in the 2017-18 school year. School uniforms were most oft required by elementary schools (23%), followed by middle (18%), and high schools (10%).

Proponents say that school uniforms make schools safer for students, create a "level playing field" that reduces socioeconomic disparities, and encourage children to focus on their studies rather than their clothes.

Opponents say school uniforms infringe upon students' right to express their individuality, accept no positive effect on behavior and academic accomplishment, and emphasize the socioeconomic disparities they are intended to disguise. Read more than groundwork…

Pro & Con Arguments

Pro 1

School uniforms may deter offense and increment educatee safety.

In Long Beach, CA, after 2 years of a commune-wide K-8 mandatory uniform policy, reports of assault and bombardment in the commune's schools decreased past 34%, assault with a deadly weapon dropped by 50%, fighting incidents went down past 51%, sex offenses were cutting by 74%, robbery dropped by 65%, possession of weapons (or weapon "look-alikes") decreased past 52%, possession of drugs went down by 69%, and vandalism was lowered by 18%. [64]

One year later Sparks Heart School in Nevada instituted a compatible policy, school constabulary data showed a 63% drop in constabulary log reports, and decreases were likewise noted in gang activeness, student fights, graffiti, property damage, and battery. [25] A peer-reviewed study constitute that schools with uniform policies had 12% fewer firearm-related incidents and 15% fewer drug-related incidents than schools without uniforms. [69]

School uniforms also prevent students from concealing weapons under amorphous clothing, [38] get in easier to keep track of students on field trips, and make intruders on campus more visible. Frank Quatrone, superintendent in the Lodi commune of New Jersey, stated that "When you take students dressed akin, you make them safer. If someone were to come into a edifice, the intruder could easily be recognized." [6]

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Pro 2

School uniforms keep students focused on their instruction, not their apparel.

The National Association of Secondary School Principals stated that, "When all students are wearing the same outfit, they are less concerned near how they wait and how they fit in with their peers; thus, they tin concentrate on their schoolwork." [15] A written report by the Academy of Houston establish that uncomplicated school girls' language test scores increased by virtually three percentile points after uniforms were introduced. [1]

Former US Secretarial assistant of State Hillary Clinton advocated school uniforms equally a way to help students focus on learning: "Take that [wear choices] off the table and put the focus on school, not on what you're wearing." [30] Chris Hammons, Primary of Woodland Middle School in Coeur d'Alene, ID, stated that uniforms "provide for less distraction, less drama, and more of a focus on learning." [70]

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Pro 3

School uniforms create a level playing field among students, reducing peer pressure and bullying.

When all students are dressed alike, competition between students over vesture choices and the teasing of those who are dressed in less expensive or less fashionable outfits tin can be eliminated. Inquiry by the Schoolwear Association found that 83% of teachers thought "a good schoolhouse uniform… could prevent bullying based on appearance or economical background." [91] Arminta Jacobson, Founder and Manager of the Center for Parent Education at the University of North Texas, stated that uniforms put "all kids on the same playing field in terms of their appearance. I think it probably gives them a sense of belonging and a feeling of beingness socially accepted." [five]

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Pro 4

Wearing uniforms enhances school pride, unity, and community spirit.

Christopher P. Clouet, onetime Superintendent of the New London Public Schools in Connecticut, stated that "the wearing of uniforms contributes to school pride." [3] A study of over one,000 Texas heart school students found that students in uniform "reported significantly more positive perceptions of belonging in their schoolhouse community than reported by students in the standard clothes grouping." [33]

Arnold Goldstein, PhD, caput of the Eye for Research on Assailment at Syracuse University, stated that uniforms help troubled students experience they take the support of a customs: "There is a sense of belonging." [31] A peer-reviewed study found that after uniforms were introduced, "Teachers perceived an increase in the level of respect, caring, and trust… throughout the schoolhouse" and said "students are made to feel 'important' and every bit if they are a part of a team by wearing a uniform." [20]

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Pro v

Schoolhouse uniforms may improve omnipresence and discipline.

A study by researchers at the University of Houston found that the average absence rate for girls in centre and loftier school decreased by 7% after the introduction of uniforms, and behavioral problems lessened in severity. [one] A Youngstown State Academy study of secondary schools in Ohio's viii largest school districts found that school uniform policies improve rates of attendance, graduation, and suspension. [27]

During the starting time semester of a mandatory uniform program at John Adams Centre School in Albuquerque, NM, subject referrals dropped from 1,565 during the offset semester of the twelvemonth prior to 405, a 74% decrease. [68] Macquarie University (Commonwealth of australia) researchers establish that in schools beyond the world where uniform policies are enforced, students "are more disciplined" and "listen significantly better, there are lower noise levels, and lower teaching waiting times with classes starting on time." [89]

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Pro six

Compatible policies salve valuable grade time because they are easier to enforce than a standard dress code.

Doris Jo Tater, EdD, erstwhile Manager of Field Experiences at the University of North Texas College of Education, stated: "As an uncomplicated assistant primary in two suburban districts, I can tell you that the dress code took up a great deal of my time in the expanse of discipline… I wished many times that nosotros had uniforms considering the issue of skirts or shorts being too short, and baggy jeans and pants on the boys not being pulled up as they needed to be, would have been a non-issue." [5] Lyndhurst, NJ school district superintendent Tracey Marinelli had a similar experience before a uniform policy was introduced: "Kids were spending time in the office considering they were not fulfilling the clothes code… That was time away from course." [6]

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Pro 7

Schoolhouse uniforms prevent the display of gang colors and insignia.

The US Section of Teaching'southward Manual on School Uniforms stated that uniform policies tin "prevent gang members from wearing gang colors and insignia at school" in club to "encourage a safe environment." [35] Educators in the Long Beach Unified School Commune take speculated that the precipitous reduction in crime following the introduction of schoolhouse uniforms was a outcome of gang conflicts existence curbed. [67] Osceola County, FL School Board member Jay Wheeler reported that the county's schools had a 46% drop in gang activity after their showtime full school year with a mandatory K-12 compatible policy. Wheeler stated that "clothing is integral to gang civilisation… Imagine a U.S. Armed Forces recruiter out of uniform trying to recruit new soldiers; the success rate goes down. The same applies to gang recruitment." [37]

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Pro 8

School uniforms make getting gear up for school easier, which can improve punctuality.

When uniforms are mandatory, parents and students do not spend time choosing appropriate outfits for the school day. Co-ordinate to a national survey, over xc% of U.s.a. school leaders believe schoolhouse uniform or formal dress code policies "eliminate wardrobe battles with kids," arrive "easier to get kids ready in the morning," and create a "time saving in the morning." [32] Tracey Marinelli, Superintendent of the Lyndhurst Schoolhouse District in New Bailiwick of jersey, credited the commune's uniform policy for reducing the number of students running late. Lyndhurst student Mike Morreale agreed, stating that "it's so much easier to dress than having to search for clothes and notice out that something doesn't match." [half-dozen] [7]

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Pro 9

School uniforms tin can save parents coin.

Parents can reduce their financial burden when their children are limited to wearing ane elementary outfit every solar day. [13] A study of uniform toll in the United Kingdom found that uniforms cost parents £88.05 ($128.79) per outfit, while out-of-school outfits averaged £113.00 ($165.79). [87]

A national survey of 517 U.s. school leaders found that 94% of those surveyed believe "one of the principal benefits to parents is that school uniforms are more cost-effective than regular apparel," and 77% estimated the boilerplate annual cost of school uniforms per child to be $150 or less. [32] Without school compatible policies, parents may feel pressure level to compete with other families by purchasing fashionable clothes for their children. [71]

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Pro 10

Virtually parents and educators back up mandatory school uniforms.

A survey by the National Association of Simple School Principals (NAESP) and compatible manufacturer Lands' End found that a majority of schoolhouse leaders believe their school compatible or formal clothes code policies have had a positive impact on classroom bailiwick (85%), the school's image in the customs (83%), student safety (79%), school pride (77%), and student achievement (64%). [32] A poll administered by the Harford County, Physician school organization institute that "teachers and administrators were overwhelmingly in favor" of introducing school uniforms. The poll also plant that 58% of parents wanted a mandatory uniform policy instated. [nine]

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Pro 11

Students' legal right to free expression remains intact even with mandatory school uniforms.

The Us Supreme Court case Tinker five. Des Moines Independent Customs School District (seven-2, 1969), which concerned the wearing of black armbands to protest the Vietnam War, confirmed that students' constitutional correct to gratis speech communication "does not chronicle to regulation of the length of skirts or the type of clothing." Wearing one's own choice of shirt or pants is non the "pure speech communication" protected by the Constitution. [18] [28]

In Canady 5. Bossier Parish School Board (iii-0, 2001), the US Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a schoolhouse board's right to implement a mandatory uniform policy, stating that requiring uniforms for the purpose of increasing test scores and improving bailiwick "is in no way related to the suppression of student speech. [Students] remain free to wear what they want after school hours. Students may still express their views through other mediums during the schoolhouse twenty-four hours." [18] [29]

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Pro 12

Students dressed in uniform are amend perceived by teachers and peers.

A 1994 peer-reviewed study constitute that students in uniform were perceived past teachers and beau students equally being more than academically practiced than students in regular clothes. The study likewise institute that students in uniform were perceived by peers and teachers every bit having higher academic potential, and perceived by peers as beingness improve behaved. [4]

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Pro xiii

Students can express their individuality in school uniforms by introducing variations and adding accessories.

Junior high school pupil Amelia Jimenez wrote in her op-ed for the Pennsylvania Patriot-News website that "contrary to popular conventionalities, uniforms practise non stop students from being themselves. Uniforms practise not silence voices. Students can wear a variety of expressive items, such as buttons or jewlery." Students can inject their personal way into their daily await with hairstyles, nail polish, and colorful accessories such as numberless, scarfs, and fun socks. [61] [62] [62] A peer-reviewed study establish that 54% of eighth-graders said they could still express their individuality while wearing school uniforms. [65]

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Con 1

Schoolhouse uniforms restrict students' liberty of expression.

The First Subpoena of the US Constitution guarantees that all individuals have the right to limited themselves freely. The Us Supreme Court stated in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (seven-2, 1969) that "it can hardly exist argued that either students or teachers shed their ramble rights to freedom of oral communication or expression at the schoolhouse gate." [28] [8]

In Sweden, a authorities agency called the School Inspectorate determined that uniforms were a human being rights violation considering "wearing apparel and appearance should be considered an individual expression, decided by the students themselves." [39] Clothing choices are "a crucial course of self-expression," according to the American Civil Liberties Marriage of Nevada, which also stated that "assuasive students to choose their clothing is an empowering message from the schools that a student is a maturing person who is entitled to the most basic cocky-determination." [17]

Uniforms take away the ability to utilize clothing every bit means of expressing support for social causes. Students at Friendly High School in Prince George'south County, MD, were not immune to wear pink shirts to support Breast Cancer Awareness Month and 75 students received suspensions for breaking the school's uniform restrictions. [11]

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Con 2

School uniforms promote conformity over individuality.

Chicago junior high school student Kyler Sumter wrote in the Huffington Mail: "They decide to teach u.s. virtually people like Rosa Parks, Susan B. Anthony and Booker T. Washington… We larn about how these people expressed themselves and conquered and we tin't even express ourselves in the hallways." [lx] Troy Shuman, a senior in Harford Canton, MD, said the introduction of a mandatory compatible policy to his school would exist "teaching conformity and squelching private idea. Just think of prisons and gangs. The ultimate socializer to crush rebellion is conformity in appearance. If a school system starts at apparel, where does it terminate?" [9]

In schools where uniforms are specifically gendered (girls must wear skirts and boys must wear pants), transgendered, gender-fluid, and gender-nonconforming students can feel ostracized. Seamus, a sixteen-year-old transgendered boy, stated, "sitting in a blouse and skirt all twenty-four hours made me feel insanely anxious. I wasn't taken seriously. This is awful and damaging to a immature person's mental health; that uniform nearly destroyed me." [86] Late satirist George Carlin asked, "Don't these schools do enough damage, making all these children recall alike? Now they're gonna get them to look akin, also?" [40]

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Con 3

School uniforms do non stop bullying and may increment violent attacks.

Tony Volk, PhD, Acquaintance Professor at Brock University, stated, "Overall, there is no evidence in bullying literature that supports a reduction in violence due to school uniforms." [85] A peer-reviewed study institute that "school uniforms increased the boilerplate number of assaults by about xiv [per yr] in the most violent schools." [26] A Texas Southern University study found that school discipline incidents rose by about 12% after the introduction of uniforms. [14] Co-ordinate to the Miami-Dade Canton Public Schools Office of Educational activity Evaluation and Direction, fights in middle schools nearly doubled inside one year of introducing mandatory uniforms. [72] [73]

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Con 4

School uniforms exercise not improve attendance, academic preparedness, or exam results.

David Fifty. Brunsma, PhD, Professor of Sociology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), co-authored a study that analyzed a national sample of tenth graders and found "no effects of uniforms on absence, behavioral problems (fights, suspensions, etc.), or substance utilise on campus" and "no furnishings" on "pro-schoolhouse attitudes, academic preparedness, and peer attitudes toward school." [14] [66] Brunsma too found a "negative effect of uniforms on academic achievement," and later found that uniforms were equally ineffective on elementary students and eighth graders. [14]

A peer-reviewed study institute "no significant effects of schoolhouse uniforms on operation on second grade reading and mathematics examinations, every bit well as on tenth-grade reading, mathematics, scientific discipline, and history examinations… [I]n many of the specifications, the results are actually negative." [ii]

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Con 5

The key findings used to tout the benefits of uniforms are questionable.

The oftentimes-quoted improvements to school safety and student behavior in the Long Beach (CA) Unified School District from 1993-1995 may not have resulted from the introduction of school uniforms. The study in which the findings were published cautioned that "it is not clear that these results are entirely attributable to the uniform policy" and suggests that the introduction of new schoolhouse security measures made at the same time may have been partly responsible. [64]

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Con 6

School uniforms emphasize the socio-economic divisions they are supposed to eliminate.

Virtually public schools with compatible policies are in poor neighborhoods (47% of high-poverty public schools required schoolhouse uniforms vs. half-dozen% of depression poverty schools), emphasizing the course distinctions that uniforms were supposed to eliminate. [23] Even within one school, uniforms cannot conceal the differences between the "haves" and the "have-nots." David L. Brunsma, PhD, stated that "more than affluent families buy more uniforms per child. The less affluent… they have one… Information technology's more likely to be tattered, torn and faded. It just takes 2 months for socioeconomic differences to show upward once more." [9]

Uniforms also emphasize racial divisions. Schools with a minority student population of l% or more than are four times as likely to require uniforms than schools with a minority population of 20-49%, and 24 times more than probable than schools with minority populations of five%-19%. [78]

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Con 7

Students oppose school uniforms.

Enrollment at Washington High Schoolhouse in S Curve, IN, has declined 43% since the introduction of school uniforms in 2006; and a 2017 survey found that 82% of the current students opposed uniforms. [92] A peer-reviewed report by researchers at the University of Nevada at Reno institute that ninety% of seventh and 8th course public school students did not like wearing uniforms. [25] In the twelvemonth following the introduction of mandatory school uniforms to the Long Embankment (CA) Unified School District, 81% of middle school students said uniforms did not reduce fights, 76% said they did not help them fit in at school, 69% said they did not brand them feel more connected with the school customs, and 71% said they felt no safer traveling to and from school. [64]

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Con 8

Uniforms may accept a detrimental consequence on students' self-image.

When students accept to wearable the same outfits, rather than being allowed to select apparel that adapt their body types, they can suffer embarrassment at school. Kid and teen development specialist Robyn Silverman told NBC News' Today that students, peculiarly girls, tend to compare how each other looks in their uniforms: "As a body image adept, I hear from students all the time that they feel information technology allows for a lot of comparison… So if you have a torso that's a plus-size body, a curvier body, a very tall torso, a very short torso, those girls oftentimes feel that they don't expect their all-time." [21] A report past researchers at Arizona State University establish that "students from schools without uniforms reported higher self-perception scores than students from schools with uniform policies." [24] Some students also find uniforms less comfortable than their regular dress, which may not be conducive to learning. [75]

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Con nine

Focusing on uniforms takes attention abroad from finding genuine solutions to bug in didactics.

Spending time and try implementing uniform policies may backbite from more constructive efforts to reduce criminal offense in schools and boost student performance. More substantive improvements to public pedagogy could be accomplished with smaller course sizes, tightened security, increased parental involvement, improved facilities, and other measures. [12] [14] Tom Houlihan, former Superintendent of Schools in Oxford, NC, stated that schoolhouse uniforms "are a distraction from focusing on systematic and fundamental transformation to improve our schools." [42]

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Con 10

The push for school uniforms is driven past commercial interests rather than educational ones.

Americans spend effectually $i billion on schoolhouse uniforms every year. [43] [74] Retailer J.C. Penney Co. says schoolhouse uniforms are "a huge, important business organisation for united states." [44] In i year alone, compatible company Lands' End spent $iii million on marketing efforts directed at public schools and districts. [14] Multiple studies used to promote the effectiveness of uniforms were partly funded by Lands' End, and at least i of those studies is "so wholly flawed as to render itself useless," according to David Fifty. Brunsma, PhD. [14] [32] Reuters reported that retailers were "sensing their opportunity… stepping upward competition in the compatible aisles and online. Walmart has set up up 'uniform shops' or temporary boutiques within some stores." [74]

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Con 11

Parents should be free to choose their children'due south dress without regime interference.

One of the founders of the Wilson County (LA) Parents Coalition, Richard Dashkovitz, stated: "Information technology's time nosotros let the government know that we are fed up with this. Quit dictating to usa what my child should wear… [T]he government is intruding into our private lives, roles as parents and the lives of our children." [sixteen] According to another parents' rights group, Asserting Parental Rights — It's Our Duty, mandatory uniform "policies trample parents' right to raise children without government interference." [10]

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Con 12

Schoolhouse uniforms in public schools undermine the hope of a free education past imposing an actress expense on families.

Parents already pay taxes, and they still demand to buy regular dress for their children to article of clothing when they're out of school and for clothes-down days. The Children's Commission on Poverty (United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland) plant that over "95% of parents on low incomes reported difficulties in coming together school-related costs," including uniforms, despite their children attending tuition-gratis schools. [94] Anderson, IN, parents Laura and Scott Bell their children's school over its uniform policy, saying the $641 for their children's uniforms broke the guarantee of a free public instruction. [10] In York County, PA, a local NBC affiliate reported that some children were missing grade because their families couldn't afford to purchase the required uniforms. [84]

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Con 13

School uniforms may delay the transition into adulthood.

Adults make their own clothing choices and take the freedom to express themselves through their advent. Denying children and teenagers the opportunity to make those choices may brand them ill-prepared for the adult world. [76] [75] Adolescents see clothing choices as a means of identification, and seeking an identity is ane of the critical stages of adolescence, according to the late developmental psychologist Erik Erikson. [80] [79]

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Did You Know?
1. The showtime school district in the United States to require all K-8 students to wearable uniforms was Long Beach, CA, in Jan. 1994. [50] [fourteen]
2. Americans spend effectually $1 billion per yr on school uniforms. [43] [74]
3. Students at Eton, one of England's most prestigious schools, were required to wear black summit hats and tails on and off campus until 1972. [14]
4. United states schools with a minority student population of 50% or more are 4 times as probable to crave uniforms than schools with a minority population of xx-49%, and 24 times more likely than schools with minority populations of v%-19%. [78]
five. A government agency in Sweden declared that mandatory school uniforms were a man rights violation, stating that students should determine their dress and advent as "a matter of the individual'due south freedom and integrity." [39]

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